Income Inequality by DUN
Data as of 2024Gini coefficient at DUN constituency level from 2019 to 2024.
0 views·0 downloads
How is this data produced?
The primary Gini coefficient at state-level is computed based on the distribution of households' gross monthly income, where:
- Gini coefficient values are bounded within 0 and 1, with higher values indicating greater income inequality.
- A value of 0 indicates perfect equality (i.e. that every household has the same income).
- A value of 1 indicates total inequality (i.e. that 1 household earns all the income while all others earn nothing).
Because the computation of the Gini coefficient relies on household income data, Malaysia's Gini coefficient statistics are produced and published together with statistics on household income derived from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES), which is conducted at least twice within any 5-year period. For full details on the methodology, especially the computation of the PLI and its evolution and nuances, please refer to the technical notes.
What caveats I should bear in mind when using this data?
DUN-level data is only published from 2019 (relative to state-level data which is available from 1970) as prior HIES samples were not sufficient to support DUN-level granularity.
Metadata
Dataset description
Gini coefficient at DUN constituency level from 2019 to 2024.
Variable definitions
- State
- Parliamentary Constituency
- DUN Constituency
- Date
- Gini Coefficient
Name in Dataset | Variable | Definition |
|---|---|---|
state (Categorical) | State | One of 13 states with a state legislative assembly; the 3 Federal Territories are excluded as they do not have State Legislative Assemblies. |
parlimen (Categorical) | Parliamentary Constituency | One of 207 parliamentary constituencies; the 15 constituencies in Federal Territories are excluded as they are not subdivided into DUNs. |
dun (Categorical) | DUN Constituency | One of 600 DUN constituencies |
date (Date) | Date | The date in YYYY-MM-DD format, with MM-DD set to 01-01 as the data is at annual frequency |
gini (Float) | Gini Coefficient | The Gini coefficient based on the distribution of households' gross monthly income |
Last updated:
31 Dec 2025, 12:00
Next update:
N/A
Data source(s)
- Department of Statistics Malaysia
URLs to dataset
License
This data is made open under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). A copy of the license is available Here.
Download
Data
Full Dataset (CSV)
Recommended for individuals seeking an Excel-friendly format.
0
Full Dataset (Parquet)
Recommended for data scientists seeking to work with data via code.
0
Code
Connect directly to the data with Python.
# If not already installed, do: pip install pandas fastparquet
import pandas as pd
URL_DATA = 'https://storage.dosm.gov.my/hies/hh_inequality_dun.parquet'
df = pd.read_parquet(URL_DATA)
if 'date' in df.columns: df['date'] = pd.to_datetime(df['date'])
print(df)Sample OpenAPI query
The following code is an example of how to make an API query to retrieve the data catalogue mentioned above. You can use different programming languages by switching the code accordingly. For a complete guide on possible query parameters and syntax, please refer to the official Open API Documentation.
import requests
import pprint
url = "https://api.data.gov.my/data-catalogue?id=hh_inequality_dun&limit=3"
response_json = requests.get(url=url).json()
pprint.pprint(response_json)
Department of Statistics Malaysia
© 2026 Public Sector Open Data
Open Data
data.gov.my